Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Advanced Bladder and Kidney Cancer: Responses and Further Management

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have an established role in the treatment of newly diagnosed metastatic kidney cancer. Treatment regimens combining nivolumab plus ipilimumab, pembrolizumab axitinib, cabozantinib, and lenvatinib demonstrated superior overall survival compared with sunitinib randomized studies. Response rates vary from 42% to 71.1% these combinations. Atezolizumab been approved for cisplatin-ineligible patients bladder These other studied cancer are routinely used after progression on platinum-based chemotherapy. Durable responses observed Although some may experience immune-related adverse events requiring discontinuation, a portion will continue response off-therapy. At time progression, be treated antiangiogenesis agents, there data suggesting that they also rechallenge immunotherapy. In who immune inhibition, considerable supporting use enfortumab vedotin. Ongoing studies evaluating novel combinations agents; thus, landscape is expected evolve rapidly.